Table 3 Factors associated with diabetes distress among the study participants (N = 412)
Sociodemographic and health related characteristics | Distress present (N = 146) | cOR (95% CI) | p- value | aOR (95% CI) | p- value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Male (%) | 36 (23.7) | 1 | < 0.001 | 1 | 0.044 |
Female (%) | 110 (42.3) | 2.36 (1.51–3.70) | 1.68 (1.01–2.78) | |||
Age (years) | Mean (SD) | 59 (10.9) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.961 | ||
Education* | Illiterate/ less than primary school (%) | 98 (40.0) | 1 | 0.019 | ||
Primary school or higher (%) | 48 (28.7) | 0.61 (0.40–0.92) | ||||
Marital Status | Married presently (%) | 97 (33.2) | 1 | 0.143 | 1 | 0.071 |
Separated/divorced/ widowed/not married (%) | 49 (40.8) | 1.39 (0.90–2.15) | 0.60 (0.35–1.04) | |||
Employment Status* | Employed (%) | 33 (27.5) | 1 | 0.032 | ||
Not employed (%) | 113 (38.7) | 1.66 (1.05–2.65) | ||||
Socioeconomic Status¶ | Lower class (%) | 97 (39.3) | 1 | 0.047 | 1 | 0.041 |
Middle/ upper (%) | 49 (29.7) | 0.65 (0.43–0.99) | 0.59 (0.36–0.98) | |||
Self-reported comorbidities | Yes (%) | 113 (40.7) | 1 | 0.002 | 1 | 0.012 |
No (%) | 33 (24.6) | 0.48 (0.30–0.76) | 0.52 (0.31–0.86) | |||
Known case of hypertension | No (%) | 67 (34.4) | 1 | 0.665 | ||
Yes (%) | 79 (36.4) | 1.09 (0.73–1.64) | ||||
Duration of DM | < 5 years (%) | 27 (28.4) | 1 | 1 | ||
5 - <10 years (%) | 38 (29.0) | 1.03 (0.57–1.85) | 0.923 | 1.05 (0.54–2.04) | 0.895 | |
10 + years (%) | 81 (43.6) | 1.94 (1.14–3.30) | 0.014 | 2.28 (1.23–4.25) | < 0.001 | |
Place where the treatment was prescribed | Private (%) | 66 (34.9) | 1 | 1 | ||
Government (%) | 68 (40.2) | 1.25 (0.81–1.93) | 0.300 | 1.09 (0.68–1.76) | 0.717 | |
Not on treatment (%) | 12 (22.2) | 0.53 (0.26–1.08) | 0.081 | 0.42 (0.19–0.94) | 0.035 | |
Level of health facility where the treatment was prescribed (N = 358, includes only those on treatment) | Primary care level (%) | 90 (39.5) | 1 | 0.290 | ||
Secondary or tertiary (%) | 44 (33.9) | 0.78 (0.50–1.23) | ||||
Insulin use | No (%) | 133 (34.8) | 1 | 0.350 | ||
Yes (%) | 13 (43.3) | 1.43 (0.67–3.04) | ||||
Polypharmacy (≥ 5 NCD medicines/day) | No (%) | 103 (34.5) | 1 | 0.495 | ||
Yes (%) | 43 (38.1) | 1.17 (0.75–1.83) | ||||
Social support (tangible and informational) | No unmet need (%) | 107 (29.6) | 1 | < 0.001 | 1 | < 0.001 |
Unmet need (%) | 39 (76.5) | 7.71 (3.89–15.31) | 7.99 (3.74–17.10) | |||
Knowledge regarding complications and curability of diabetes | None (Score 0/2) (%) | 18 (51.4) | 1 | 0.042 | 1 | 0.095 |
Some (Score 1/2 or 2/2) (%) | 128 (34.0) | 0.49 (0.24–0.97) | 0.50 (0.22–1.13) | |||