Table 1 Bivariable analysis showing differences between those with no incident CKD or eGFR decline ≥ 30% over 4 years and those with incident CKD or eGFR decline ≥ 30% over four years

Number (%)

83 (90.2)

9 (9.8)

Age at FDS entry (years)

45.3 ± 16.4

54.3 ± 13.5

0.117

Sex (% male)

59.0

33.0

0.170

Age at diabetes diagnosis (years)

23.9 ± 12.3

24.7 ± 12.3

0.860

Diabetes duration (years)

20.0 [9.9–31.3]

31.0 [22.5–37.0]

0.056

Body mass index (kg/m²)

25.6 ± 4.3

31.0 ± 7.6

0.066

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

137 ± 23

147 ± 17

0.202

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

78 ± 12

76 ± 12

0.704

HbA_1c (%)

7.8 [7.2–8.8]

7.8 [6.9–8.2]

0.737

HbA_1c (mmol/mol)

62 [55–73]

62 [52–66]

0.737

eGFR (mL/min/1.73m²)

97.8 ± 21.4

54.8 ± 20.9

 < 0.001

eGFR (%)

 < 0.001

  ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73m²

73.5

0.0

 60–89 mL/min/1.73m²

18.1

55.6

 45–59 mL/min/1.73m²

3.6

11.1

  < 45 mL/min/1.73m²

4.8

33.3

Total serum cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.6 ± 1.0

5.0 ± 0.8

0.324

Serum triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.0 (0.6–1.6)

1.0 (0.7–1.7)

0.629

Serum HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.59 ± 0.49

1.78 ± 0.47

0.261

Urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (mg/mmol)

1.6 (0.7–3.7)

14.7 (1.7–126.3)

0.014

Antihypertensive medication (%)

32.5

77.8

0.012

Renin-angiotensin system blocking drugs (%)

31.3

66.7

0.060

Lipid-modifying medication (%)

28.9

44.4

0.447

Proteomic biomarkers (μg/mL)

 APOA4

25.9 (13.2–50.8)

46.6 (26.9–80.9)

0.007

 CD5L

3.1 (1.3–7.3)

7.3 (4.6–11.7)

0.004

 IGFBP3

2.1 (1.5–3.0)

2.6 (1.3–4.9)

0.155

PromarkerD Scores (%)

0.16 (0.01–2.96)

12.18 (6.02–24.65)

 < 0.001