Health markers, depressive symptoms, and community deprivation in a type 2 diabetes multidisciplinary care clinic for youth

Table 2 Health Markers, Depressive Symptoms, and Community Deprivation in Type 2 Diabetes Clinic by Race/Ethnicity

	non-Hispanic/Latino Black (n = 27)	non-Hispanic/Latino White (n = 17)	Hispanic/Latino (n = 7)	Multiracial (Black/White, n = 3)
Health Markers^a	M (SD)	M (SD)	M (SD)	M (SD)	F(df)	p
Hemoglobin A1C (%)	8.8 (2.7)	7.8 (1.4)	8.3 (2.0)	9.4 (3.9)	0.72 (3)	.54
BMIz	2.4 (0.4)	2.6 (0.4)	2.5 (0.3)	2.3 (0.3)	1.44 (3)	.24
BMI percentile (%)	98.4 (4.1)	99.3 (0.7)	99.2 (0.4)	98.7 (0.9)	0.39 (3)	.78
AST (unit/L)	18.3 (7.6)	46.1 (29.4)	53.6 (21.4)	52.3 (38.9)	8.1 (3)	< .001
ALT (unit/L)	23.1 (11.4)	75.9 (53.1)	97.0 (40.6)	--	10.6 (3)	< .001
GGT (unit/L)	44.0 (28.3)	46.5 (36.7)	73.9 (42.9)	28.0 (2.8)	1.54 (3)	.23
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	151.7 (45.9)	196.8 (110.5)	175.0 (43.6)	161.3 (2.5)	1.12 (3)	.35
LDL-C (mg/dL)	90.5 (30.9)	99.3 (31.6)	104.0 (34.5)	91.7 (3.5)	0.44 (3)	.73
HDL-C (mg/dL)	47.9 (26.7)	33.6 (7.7)	37.3 (8.3)	35.0 (2.0)	1.75 (3)	.17
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	124.8 (96.9)	494.1 (1178.7)	168.3 (53.3)	173.3 (9.1)	0.92 (3)	.44
Urine microalbumin (mg/g)	36.8 (63.0)	34.8 (52.8)	10.3 (1.6)	44.4 (58.4)	0.29 (3)	.83
Depressive Symptoms^b
PHQ-9 Score	6.5 (4.9)	6.5 (5.5)	5.5 (2.1)	--	.04 (2)	.24
Community Deprivation Index^c	.44 (.15)	.35 (.12)	.37 (.16)	.39 (.14)	1.64 (3)	.19

Note. Significant differences across racial/ethnic groups are bolded. M = Mean; SD = Standard Deviation. 2 of the patients identifying as Hispanic also identified as White, and 3 did not specify race. ^aThe following were missing for health markers at the initial visit: AST, n = 8; ALT, n = 8; GGT, n = 21; LDL, n = 10; HDL, n = 9; Cholesterol, n = 9; Triglycerides, n = 9; Urine microalbumin, n = 15. ^bDepressive symptoms reflect data available for n = 19 patients for the PHQ-9 at the initial visit. No patients identifying as multiracial completed the PHQ-9. ^cCDI = Community Deprivation Index, ranging from 0–1 with higher scores indicating higher community deprivation; calculated from address at initial visit. Two decimal places were retained for presentation of the CDI to most accurately present levels descriptively. Clinical cutoffs for health markers:
BMI percentile: >85% (overweight), > 95% (obesity) elevated; Hemoglobin A1C > 6.5% elevated; <6.4 normal; AST > 25 unit/L elevated; ALT > 25 unit/L elevated; LDL-C < 130 mg/dL normal; HDL-C > 40 mg/dL normal; Cholesterol < 200 mg/dL normal; Triglycerides < 150 mg/dL normal; Urine microalbumin < 30 mg/g normal

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