Table 1 The characteristic of included cohort studies

S.-E. Lee et al., 2016

Retrospective longitudinal cohort

2006–2012

Korean adults

51.2 ± 8.3

22,084

PCB

DM

a participant’s self-reported diagnosis on the questionnaire

FPG ≥ 7 mmol/L

HbA1c ≥ 6.5%.

HR for 1-SD increment: 1.26 (1.20–1.33)

HRs by quartile:

Q1 = (≤ − 28.6 (%)) = 1

Q2 = (− 28.5 – − 12.5 (%)) = 1.23 (1.00–1.51)

Q3 = (− 12.4–11.1 (%)) = 1.69 (1.39–2.05)

Q4 = (>  11.1(%)) = 2.13 (1.77–2.56)

T2DM

Xiao-Hong Li et al., 2017

Cohort

2011–2016

Healthy Chinese men

45.6 ± 12.7

1339

TBIL,DBIL,IBIL

AHA criteria

Model ORs

TBIL

Q1 (≤11.75 μmol/L) = 1

Q2 (11.76–14.30 μmol/L) = 1.32 (0.79–2.21)

Q3 (14.31–18.12 μmol/L) = 0.87 (0.50–1.52)

Q4 (> 18.12 μmol/L) = 0.61 (0.34–1.12)

DBIL

Q1 (≤2.09 μmol/L) = 1

Q2 (2.10_2.60 μmol/L) = 1.00 (0.61–1.63)

Q3 (2.61_3.22 μmol/L) = 0.57 (0.32–1.02)

Q4 (> 3.22 μmol/L) = 0.51 (0.28–0.92)

IBIL

Q1 (≤9.58 μmol/L) = 1

Q2 (9.59–11.76 μmol/L) = 1.16 (0.69–1.96)

Q3 (11.77–14.90 μmol/L) = 0.92 (0.53–1.58)

Q4 (> 14.90 μmol/L) = 0.58 (0.32–1.06)

MetS

Chaoqun Liu et al., 2016

Prospective Cohort

2013–2016

Chinese Han. Women receiving their first

prenatal care prior to 16 weeks of gestation

28.31 ± 3.04

1135

TBIL,DBIL,IBIL

WHO criteria

Model RRs:

TBIL

T1 (1.7–4.8 μmol/L) = 1(reference)

T2 (4.9–6.3 μmol/L) = 0.99 (0.82, 1.22)

T3 (6.4–23 μmol/L) = 0.90 (0.82, 1.00)

DBIL

T1 (0.9–2.2 μmol/L) = 1 (reference)

T2 (2.3–2.8 μmol/L) = 0.91 (0.75, 1.00)

T3 (2.9–9.8 μmol/L) = 0.60 (0.35, 0.89)

IBIL

T1(0.1–2.6 μmol/L) = 1 (reference)

T2(2.7–3.6 μmol/L) = 1.1 (0.76, 1.3)

T3(3.7–13.9 μmol/L) = 0.86 (0.74, 1.0)

GDM

Sen Wang et al., 2017

Cohort

2011–2016

Healthy Chinese men and women

48.65 ± 11.05

32,768

TBIL

AHA criteria

ORs for Males

Q1(≤ 9.90 μmol/L) = (reference)

Q2(9.90–12.90 μmol/L) = 0.829 (0.758–0.908)

Q3(12.90–16.80 μmol/L) = 0.814 (0.743–0.891)

Q4(>  16.80 μmol/L) = 0.673 (0.613–0.739)

ORs for Females

Q1(≤ 8.00 μmol/L) = (reference)

Q2(8.00–10.30 μmol/L) = 0.874 (0.762–1.001)

Q3(10.30–13.40 μmol/L) = 0.761 (0.661–0.875)

Q4(>  13.40 μmol/L) = 0.753 (0.653–0.867)

Mets

Y.J. Kwon et al., 2017

Prospective cohort

2001–2014

Korean adults 40 to 69 years of age

T2DM group: 54.3 ± 8.5

non-T2DM group: 51.6 ± 8.8

8650

TBIL

WHO criteria

ORs in men

Q1 (< 0.47 mg/dL) = 1 (reference)

Q1(< 8.03)

Q2 (0.47–0.61 mg/dL) = 0.75 (0.55–1.03)

Q2(8.03–10.43) μmol/L

Q3 (0.61–0.82 mg/dL) = 0.73 (0.53–1.01)

Q3(10.43–14.02) μmol/L

Q4 (0.82–2.00 mg/dL) = 0.52 (0.36–0.74)

Q4(14.02–34.2) μmol/L

ORs in women

Q1(<  0.36 mg/dL) = 1 (reference)

Q1 < 6.15 μmol/L

Q2 (0.36–0.46 mg/dL) = 0.73 (0.54–0.98)

Q2(6.15–7.91) μmol/L

Q3(0.46–0.62 mg/dL) = 0.54 (0.39–0.74)

Q3(7.91–10.60) μmol/L

Q4(0.62–2.00 mg/dL) = 0.65 (0.47–0.89)

Q4(10.60–34.2) μmol/L

T2DM

Hao et al., 2020

Cohort

2009–2017

Kazakh permanent residents

40.33 ± 11.86

565

TBIL,DBIL,IBIL

JIS criteria

TBIL HR

0.35 (0.21–0.60)

0.36 (0.21–0.62)

0.38 (0.22–0.64)

IBIL HR

0.31 (0.18–0.54)

0.39 (0.23–0.66)

0.31 (0.18–0.54)

Mets

Min Yang et al.,2019

Prospective cohort

2012–2014

all patients > 18 years of age

and diagnosed for the first time with impaired glucose regular

(IFG or IGT)

Q1: 60.4 ± 5.0

Q2: 61.6 ± 5.3

Q3: 62.7 ± 5.4

Q4: 64.0 ± 5.7

523

TBIL

WHO criteria

ORs

Q1: Ref (< 8.2 μmol/L) =1

Q2: (8.3–11.1 μmol/L) = 0.83 (0.74–0.96)

Q3(11.2–14.5 μmol/L) = 0.78 (0.68–0.90)

Q4:> 14.6 μmol/L = 0.74 (0.64–0.87)

T2DM

Makoto Shiraishi et al., 2019

Retrospective cohort

2013–2018

middle-aged Japanese without Mets

44.8

8992

TBIL

JIS, AHA, WHO, IAS

HRs

All: 0.70 (0.59–0.85)

Men: 0.82 (0.66–1.01)

Women: 0.60 (0.43–0.84)

Mets

Fan Zhang et al., 2020

Cohort

2014–2018

consecutive obese patients

29.85 ± 9.75 years

71

TBIL,DBIL,IBIL

hyperinsulinemia-euglycemic clamp technique (HEC) with glucose disposal rate (GDR, M value)

OR

TBIL: 0.744 (0.590–0.938)

DBIL: 0.575 (0.326–1.015)

IBIL: 0.602 (0.413–0.878)

Insulin Sensitivity

Abbasi et al., 2015

Cohort

2015

Dutch population participate in the (PREVEND) study

49.4 ± 12.4

3381

TBIL

FPG level was ≥7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL), the random sample plasma glucose concentration was ≥11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL), they reported a physician diagnosis of T2DM, or they received insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents based on a central pharmacy registration.

OR

TBIL:0.58 [0.39–0.84]; P = 0.005)

T2DM