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Table 3 Risk Factors for diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) among the study subjects

From: Prevalence and risk factors of diabetes foot ulcers in Kano, northwestern Nigeria

Variables

DFU

n = 57

WITHOUT DFU

n = 337

Test statistics

X2

P VALUE

Socio – demographic

    

 Gender

    

  Male

24 (14.6)

140 (85.4)

0.006

0.936

  Female

33 (14.3)

197 (85.7)

  

 Age

    

  Young

9 (8.3)

100 (91.7)

  

  Middle age

40 (16.4)

204 (83.6)

4.696

0.030*

  Elderly

8 (19.5)

33 (80.5)

  

 Marital status

    

  Single

2 (9.5)

19 (91.5)

  

  Married

37 (12.2)

267 (87.8)

0.438

0.508

  Divorced

4 (57.1)

3 (42.9)

  

  Widowed

14 (22.6)

48 (77.4)

  

 Educational status

    

  Informal

25 (16.4)

127 (83.6)

0.784

0.376

  Formal

32 (13.2)

210 (86.8)

  

 Socio – Class

    

  1

12 (15.0)

68 (85.0)

  

  2

3 (27.2)

8 (72.7)

0.389

0.532

  3

11 (11.6)

84 (88.4)

  

  4

5 (10.4)

43 (89.6)

  

  5

26 (16.3)

134 (83.7)

  

 Type of DM

    

  Type 1

3 (12.5)

18 (87.5)

0.000

0.989

  Type 2

54 (14.5)

319 (85.5)

  

  Others

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

  

 Duration of DM (yrs)

    

  Short term

15 (9.7)

139 (90.3)

3.853

<  0.001*

  Medium term

17 (12.3)

121 (87.7)

  

  Long term

25 (24.5)

77 (75.5)

  

 Cigarette Smoking

    

  Yes

3 (25.0)

9 (75.0)

1.111

0.292

  Ex – smoker

6 (31.6)

13 (68.4)

  

  No

48 (13.2)

315 (86.8)

  

CLINICAL VARIABLES

    

 Hypertension

    

  Present

29 (14.0)

177 (86.0)

0.053

0.818

  Absent

28 (14.9)

160 (85.1)

  

 Peripheral Neuropathy

    

  Present

49 (24.6)

150 (75.4)

33.51

<  0.001*

  Absent

8 (4.1)

187 (95.9)

  

 Peripheral vascular disease

    

  Present

19 (39.6)

29 (60.4)

27.79

< 0.001*

  Absent

38 (11.0)

308 (89.0)

  

 Diabetic Retinopathy (n = 258)

    

  Present

18 (24.0)

57 (76.0)

14.31

< 0.001*

  Absent

13((7.1)

170 (92.9)

  

 Proteinuria

    

  Present

38 (18.2)

171 (81.8)

4.964

0.026*

  Absent

19 (10.3)

166 (89.7)

  

 Foot Deformities

    

  Present

36 (24.2)

113 (75.8)

18.19

<  0.001*

  Absent

21 (8.6)

224 (91.4)

  

 Previous foot ulcer

    

  Yes

24 (29.3)

58 (70.7)

18.33

<  0.001*

  No

33 (10.6)

279 (89.4)

  

 Previous Amputation

    

  Yes

3 (37.5)

5 (62.5)

3.501

0.06

  No

54 (14.0)

332 (86.0)

  

 Inappropriate footwear

    

  Yes

51 (15.7)

274 (84.3)

2.252

0.133

  No

6 (8.7)

63 (91.3)

  

LABORATORY VARIABLES

    

 Poor Glycemic control

    

  HbA1c (%)

    

  Yes

49 (18.4)

218 (81.6)

10.10

0.001*

  No

8 (6.3)

119 (93.7)

  

Dyslipidemia

    

  Yes

25 (16.7)

125 (83.3)

0.945

0.331

  No

32 (13.1)

212 (86.9)

  
  1. Young ≤45 years, Middle-age > 45 < 64 years, Elderly≥65 years, Short-term< 5 yrs., Medium term = 5-10 yr Long-term> 10 yrs., Good glycemic control HbA1c < 7.0%, Poor glycemic control HbA1c ≥7.0%, Proteinuria present > 30 mg/l, Proteinuria absent < 30 mg/l, Retinopathy present = pre proliferative/ proliferative retinopathy, absent = no pre proliferative /proliferative retinopathy *p-value statistically significant.