The relationship between depression and risk of metabolic syndrome: a meta‐analysis of observational studies

Table 2 Summary of odds ratio estimates [95 % CIs] for cross-sectional studies focused on the association between depression and risk of MetS by gender, study population, continent, depression scales, MTs Scales, and Age

Subgroup	Number of studies	Summary OR (95 % CI)	Between studies			Between subgroups
Subgroup	Number of studies	Summary OR (95 % CI)	I²	P _{heterogeneity}	Q	Q	P _{heterogeneity}
Gender Female Male Both	5 5 22	1.35 (0.90– 2.01) 1.52 (1.13– 2.05) 1.49 (1.31–1.69)	70.37 % 0.00 % 59.94 %	0.01 0.99 0.01	14.48 0.27 52.42	0.26	0.88
Continents America Asia & Australia Europe	6 16 9	1.45 (0.94–2.25) 1.37 (1.26–1.49) 1.71 (1.47–1.99)	79.28 % 13.03 % 21.69 %	0.01 0.30 0.26	28.96 20.70 7.66	6.38	0.04
Depression Scales BDI CES-D Interview & DSM PHQ-9 Others	5 2 11 5 8	1.52 (1.19–1.94) 1.20 (0.70–2.05) 1.70 (1.37–2.12) 1.49 (1.34–1.66) 1.36 (1.09–1.69)	0.00 % 76.72 % 50.54 % 67.90 % 0.00 %	0.88 0.01 0.03 < 0.001 0.44	0.25 8.59 20.22 28.03 4.77	2.76	0.60
MTs Scales ATP III IDF WHO	27 4 2	1.48 (1.32–1.67) 1.64 (1.39–1.94) 2.00 (0.53–7.52)	50.56 % 0.00 % 71.85 %	< 0.001 0.68 0.06	52.69 1.51 3.55	1.09	0.58
Study Population General Population Patients Other	27 4 2	1.46 (1.33–1.60) 1.95 (1.38–2.74) 0.73 (0.18–2.88)	35.25 % 58.25 % 89.16 %	0.04 0.07 < 0.001	40.15 7.19 9.22	3.54	0.17
Age ≤ 50 Year > 50 Year	5 7	1.66 (1.41–1.94) 1.39 (1.00–1.95)	42.62 % 50.97 %	0.14 0.06	6.97 12.24	0.82	0.36

Abbreviations: BDI-I Beck Depression Inventory; CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Survey-Depression; DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; IDF International Diabetes Federation; MHI-5 5-item Mental Health Inventory; NCEP-ATP III National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III; PHQ Patient Health Questionnaire; WHO World Health Organization

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