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Table 2 Summary of odds ratio estimates [95 % CIs] for cross-sectional studies focused on the association between depression and risk of MetS by gender, study population, continent, depression scales, MTs Scales, and Age

From: The relationship between depression and risk of metabolic syndrome: a meta‐analysis of observational studies

Subgroup

Number of studies

Summary OR

(95 % CI)

Between studies

Between subgroups

I2

P heterogeneity

Q

Q

P heterogeneity

Gender

Female

Male

Both

5

5

22

1.35 (0.90– 2.01)

1.52 (1.13– 2.05)

1.49 (1.31–1.69)

70.37 %

0.00 %

59.94 %

0.01

0.99

0.01

14.48

0.27

52.42

0.26

0.88

Continents

America

Asia & Australia

Europe

6

16

9

1.45 (0.94–2.25)

1.37 (1.26–1.49)

1.71 (1.47–1.99)

79.28 %

13.03 %

21.69 %

0.01

0.30

0.26

28.96

20.70

7.66

6.38

0.04

Depression Scales

BDI

CES-D

Interview & DSM

PHQ-9

Others

5

2

11

5

8

1.52 (1.19–1.94)

1.20 (0.70–2.05)

1.70 (1.37–2.12)

1.49 (1.34–1.66)

1.36 (1.09–1.69)

0.00 %

76.72 %

50.54 %

67.90 %

0.00 %

0.88

0.01

0.03

< 0.001

0.44

0.25

8.59

20.22

28.03

4.77

2.76

0.60

MTs Scales

ATP III

IDF

WHO

27

4

2

1.48 (1.32–1.67)

1.64 (1.39–1.94)

2.00 (0.53–7.52)

50.56 %

0.00 %

71.85 %

< 0.001

0.68

0.06

52.69

1.51

3.55

1.09

0.58

Study Population

General Population

Patients

Other

27

4

2

1.46 (1.33–1.60)

1.95 (1.38–2.74)

0.73 (0.18–2.88)

35.25 %

58.25 %

89.16 %

0.04

0.07

< 0.001

40.15

7.19

9.22

3.54

0.17

Age

≤ 50 Year

> 50 Year

5

7

1.66 (1.41–1.94)

1.39 (1.00–1.95)

42.62 %

50.97 %

0.14

0.06

6.97

12.24

0.82

0.36

  1. Abbreviations: BDI-I Beck Depression Inventory; CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Survey-Depression; DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; IDF International Diabetes Federation; MHI-5 5-item Mental Health Inventory; NCEP-ATP III National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III; PHQ Patient Health Questionnaire; WHO World Health Organization